HOW DOES GPS WORK WITH SATELLITE

Upendra Kumar

In this article here two words are used first is GPS and the second is SATELLITE, first, we know what is satellite.  

                                       What is Satellite

A satellite is an object in space that orbits or circles around a bigger object. There are two kinds of satellites: natural satellite and artificial satellite.

1. Natural Satellite.:- In space, about 53 satellites but the big example of the natural satellites is earth and moon. The earth is orbiting the sun and the moon is orbiting the earth.

           

NATURAL SATELLITE IMAGE

2. Artificial Satellite:-An artificial satellite is an object that is made by man and launched by using rockets. There are currently over a thousand active satellites orbiting the Earth. The size, altitude, and design of a satellite depend on its purpose.

GPS SATELLITE

GPS Satellite also an artificial satellite, GPS satellite is used for satellite navigation and give autonomous geo-spatial positioning. The GPS satellite consists of electronic receivers to determine their location with longitude, latitude, and altitude with high precision using time signals. Minimum four satellites required for receiving the three-position coordinates and clock deviation from the satellite time. Each GPS satellite is continuously transmitting the radio signals containing the current time and data about its position. the speed of radio waves is constant and independent of the satellite speed, the time delay between when the satellite transmits a signal and the receiver receives it is proportional to the distance from the satellite to the receiver. A GPS receiver monitors multiple satellites and solves equations to determine the precise position of the receiver and its deviation from true time.

                                          HOW DOES  GPS  WORK WITH SATELLITE

There are three segments required with working GPS with the satellite.
1. Space Segment.
2. Control Segment.
3. User Segment

1. The space segment contains 24 satellites in 12 hours, near-circular orbits at an altitude of about 20000 with an inclination of orbit 55°.At least 4 sett elite views on the earth's surface in 3d mode.
2. Control Segment:- It consists of three-part
A. Master Control Station
B. Monitor Status
C. Upload Status.
3. User segment:- User segment contains an antenna, receiver, a data processor with software, and a control/ display unit. GPS receiver measures the range, phase, and other data using navigation signals minimum satellites and computes 3D position, velocity, and system time.

GPS SEGMENT

What Is The Method Of Plane Table Survey

Upendra Kumar

There are four methods of surveying with the plane table.

1. Radiation: It is used for locating the details from stations, which have been previously established by other methods of surveying such as triangulation or transit type traversing.

 

Radiation Method Of Plane Table

In this method, the point is located on the plan by drawing a ray from the plane table station to the point, and plotting to the scale along the ray the distance measured from the station to the point. The method is suitable for the survey of the small areas which can be commanded from a single station.

Procedure:

>Select a point P so that all points to be located are visible from it.

>Set up the table at P and after leveling it, clamp the board.

> Select a point p on the sheet so that it is exactly over the station P on the ground by the use of a U frame. The point represents on the sheet the instruments station P on the ground.

> Mark the direction of the magnetic meridian with the help of the compass in the top corner of the sheet.

>Centring the alidade on p, sight the various points, A, B, C, etc, and draw rays along the fiducial edge of the alidade lightly with a chisel pointed pencil.

>Measure the distances PA, AB, AC, etc, from P to the various points with the chain or tape, or by stadia and plot them to scale along the corresponding rays. Join the points a,b,c, etc, to give the outline of the survey.

NOTE:- The fieldwork can be checked by measuring the distances, AB, BC, CD, etc,

2. INTERSECTION: In this method, the point is fixed on the plan by the intersection of the rays drawn from the two instruments station. The line joining these stations is called the baseline.

Intersection Method Of Plane Table

Procedure:- 

i.  select two points P and Q  on the ground so that visible each other. 

ii. Set the table at  P and level and mark the magnetic north on the paper with the help of a compass.

iii. Alidade kept on p sight the objects Q, A, B, C, D, E, and F  and draws the rays along the fiducial edge of the alidade towards Q, A, B, C, D, E, F.

iv. Measure the Pand Q and mark the point q with a suitable scale on the paper along the line drawn pq.

v. Shift the table on Q and center the table so that q is exactly over Q. Orient the table by backsighting P and clamp the table.

vi. With the alidade touching q.sight the same object and draws rays.The intersection of determining the position of A, B, C, etc.

3.Traversing method:-This method is similar to the closed traverse method. It is used for locating the details between the stations which is fixed by another method of surveying. This method is also used in a topographical survey. 

TRAVERSING METHOD OF PLANE TABLE

Procedure:-

i. Set the plane table at station A. Make the center and level then board clamped.

ii. Mark the magnetic meridian on the sheet.

III. Centre the alidade on point a sight the station B and measure the length of AB and draw the rays on a suitable scale on the sheet ab with the edge of alidade.

iv. Locate the details by the use of the radiation method or offset method.

v.Set the plane table on station B. Orient the table and backsight to A then sight the station C.

Measure the length BtoC and draw the line bc on a previous use scale.

vi. Continue the process until all the remaining stations are plotted.

vii. It can be also checked from the sighting stations or A to C and B to D or B to E.

4. Resection Method.

This method is used for establishing the instrument stations or after completing the traverse surveying the important object cannot be located due to difficulties and missed the station.

PROCESS:-

i.Select the two stations P and Q on the ground and measure the length PQ and plot to a scale pq on a suitable scale.

ii. Set the table at P , Centre, and level the table so that the point p is over the P.

iii. Place the alidade along pq, orient the table by turning the board until the signal at Q is bisected, and then clamp it.

iv. With the alidade touching at p sight the station R and draw a ray p to r.

v. Shift the table at R. and make the center and level and sight the point P by back sighting and clamp the table.

vi.  With the alidade centered on q, sight the station Q and draw a ray. The point of intersection of this ray and that previously drawn from p gives the required point r.

See ALso

WHAT IS THE PLANE TABLE SURVEY

What is the principle and procedure of chain surveying

What is the principle and uses of remote sensing

Height measurement by use transit theodolite

 upendra kumar

Instrumental method:-

>PROCESS:- Set the theodolite at O, leveled the instrument used plate level and altitude level.   Measured the distance QR with the chain or tape. The angle of elevation A and angle of depression B also measure. Let the distance OR = D. Then use the tan formula.

h2 = D* TAN A

h3=D*TAN B

Total height of the PR : h2+h3

RL OF P= BM+h1+h2

RL OF Q= BM+h1-h2

 In the nowadays height of an object also determined by the use of TOTAL STATION, DRONE SURVEY, etc.

See also- TECHNO UPENDRA

HOW TO SET DIMENSION STYLE SETTING

how to measure excavated material from mines

 Upendra Kumar

                                            INTRODUCTION

The purpose of the measurement of excavated material in the mines is a calculated quantity of excavated material. The process of excavation of the underground and opencast is different, Then the method of measurement of also different. In underground mining, the measurement of excavation is done by after the mining out the mineral, but in the open cast, the measurement work starts before the start of the mining.

                   The work should be done before starting mining.

1.In In the virgin area of the quarry construct the masonry pillars at 30 mt of the interval. All pillars will be constructed in the virgin area of the quarry where pillars are not disturbed when the mining operation is running. The pillars are so constructed that when they are joined in one direction. A series of parallel lines are formed in the general direction of the proposed face. A baseline is made on the masonry pillars. write the number on masonry pillars. Takecoordinate and also take a reduced level of every pillar. Another masonry pillars are constructed at a right angle to a series of pillars are constructed first time on the virgin area.

MASONRY PILLARS

 These two lines are called the reference line. which should be utilized for drawn 15 mt grid lines which is parallel to reference lines on both sides. Before start, the mining operation surveyor carries out an initial survey and level work on 15 mt intervals with the help of Theodolite, total station, or the auto level.

Thereafter every month survey and level carry out of the excavated area for making a new profile of the quarry.

If required separate volume of the strata or volume of soil take the RL before drilling and blasting started.

For stone take the RL of coal top and for coal take the RL floor of the coal seam.

First, calculate the total excavation volume.

Total excavation= R.L OF OGL- RL OF Coal floor

The volume of soil     = R.L of ogl- stone top.

The volume of stone = R.L of stone top- R.L of coal top.

The volume of coal = R.L of coal top - R.L of coal floor.

Plot the grid on a small scale map and write the RL of different strata of a different color and finally calculate the section-wise area on the 15 mt grid.https://www.technoupendra.com/2020/04/how-to-calculate-area-in-map.html

 Calculate the volume by trapezoidal rule or any other suitable rule or software.
  

How to measure excavated material from mines

How to measure excavated material from mines

 Upendra Kumar

                                            INTRODUCTION

The purpose of the measurement of excavated material in the mines is a calculated quantity of excavated material. The process of excavation of the underground and opencast is different, Then the method of measurement of also different. In underground mining, the measurement of excavation is done by after the mining out the mineral, but in the open cast, the measurement work starts before the start of the mining.

                   The work should be done before starting mining.

1.In In the virgin area of the quarry construct the masonry pillars at 30 mt of the interval. All pillars will be constructed in the virgin area of the quarry where pillars are not disturbed when the mining operation is running. The pillars are so constructed that when they are joined in one direction. A series of parallel lines are formed in the general direction of the proposed face. A baseline is made on the masonry pillars. write the number on masonry pillars. Takecoordinate and also take a reduced level of every pillar. Another masonry pillars are constructed at a right angle to a series of pillars are constructed first time on the virgin area.

MASONRY PILLARS

 These two lines are called the reference line. which should be utilized for drawn 15 mt grid lines which is parallel to reference lines on both sides. Before start, the mining operation surveyor carries out an initial survey and level work on 15 mt intervals with the help of Theodolite, total station, or the auto level.

Thereafter every month survey and level carry out of the excavated area for making a new profile of the quarry.

If required separate volume of the strata or volume of soil take the RL before drilling and blasting started.

For stone take the RL of coal top and for coal take the RL floor of the coal seam.

First, calculate the total excavation volume.

Total excavation= R.L OF OGL- RL OF Coal floor

The volume of soil     = R.L of ogl- stone top.

The volume of stone = R.L of stone top- R.L of coal top.

The volume of coal = R.L of coal top - R.L of coal floor.

Plot the grid on a small scale map and write the RL of different strata of a different color and finally calculate the section-wise area on the 15 mt grid.https://www.technoupendra.com/2020/04/how-to-calculate-area-in-map.html

 Calculate the volume by trapezoidal rule or any other suitable rule or software.
  

How to measure excavated material from mines

 Upendra Kumar

                                            INTRODUCTION

The purpose of the measurement of excavated material in the mines is a calculated quantity of excavated material. The process of excavation of the underground and opencast is different, Then the method of measurement of also different. In underground mining, the measurement of excavation is done by after the mining out the mineral, but in the open cast, the measurement work starts before the start of the mining.

                   The work should be done before starting mining.

1.In In the virgin area of the quarry construct the masonry pillars at 30 mt of the interval. All pillars will be constructed in the virgin area of the quarry where pillars are not disturbed when the mining operation is running. The pillars are so constructed that when they are joined in one direction. A series of parallel lines are formed in the general direction of the proposed face. A baseline is made on the masonry pillars. write the number on masonry pillars. Takecoordinate and also take a reduced level of every pillar. Another masonry pillars are constructed at a right angle to a series of pillars are constructed first time on the virgin area.

MASONRY PILLARS

 These two lines are called the reference line. which should be utilized for drawn 15 mt grid lines which is parallel to reference lines on both sides. Before start, the mining operation surveyor carries out an initial survey and level work on 15 mt intervals with the help of Theodolite, total station, or the auto level.

Thereafter every month survey and level carry out of the excavated area for making a new profile of the quarry.

If required separate volume of the strata or volume of soil take the RL before drilling and blasting started.

For stone take the RL of coal top and for coal take the RL floor of the coal seam.

First, calculate the total excavation volume.

Total excavation= R.L OF OGL- RL OF Coal floor

The volume of soil     = R.L of ogl- stone top.

The volume of stone = R.L of stone top- R.L of coal top.

The volume of coal = R.L of coal top - R.L of coal floor.

Plot the grid on a small scale map and write the RL of different strata of a different color and finally calculate the section-wise area on the 15 mt grid.https://www.technoupendra.com/2020/04/how-to-calculate-area-in-map.html

 Calculate the volume by trapezoidal rule or any other suitable rule or software.
  

MY FORWARD WORK: SETTING OUT RIGHT ANGLE IN SURVEYING

MY FORWARD WORK: SETTING OUT RIGHT ANGLE IN SURVEYING:  Upendra Kumar Can't imagine the work of surveying without a right angle. The right angle is used in surveying in the fieldwork, area vo...

SETTING OUT RIGHT ANGLE IN SURVEYING

 Upendra Kumar

Can't imagine the work of surveying without a right angle. The right angle is used in surveying in the fieldwork, area volume calculation, and preparation of plan and section.

                                         Method of setting out  right angles  on the ground

1. SETTING RIGHT ANGLE WITH CHAIN OR TAPE

2. SETTING RIGHT ANGLES WITH INSTRUMENT

1. SETTING RIGHT ANGLE WITH CHAIN OR TAPE:- This method is based on a triangle whose sides are 3m,4m, and 5m. this type of triangle is a right-angled triangle.

RIGHT ANGLE TRIANGLE 

In the above picture, AB is the chain line or baseline which is progressing A to B. Dis the point where one offset chainage is required. spread the chain or tape and measure the length CD 3m on the line AB.

Keep the zero end of the chain or tape one chainman and another chainman keep 3m mark of the chain or tape on the point D. Another chainman spreading the chain or tape to the direction of point E. Stop the spreading after got a 7m point mark in the chain or tape. Keep the 7m mark with the hand by the chainman.spreading the chain or tape until 12m mark to the direction of C by the other chainman. keep the 12m mark of the chain or tape by the first chainman. Drop the ring on point C, D, and E. Extend the line DE with the help of the ranging rods.

2. SETTING RIGHT ANGLES WITH INSTRUMENT:-

A. CROSS STAF:-The cross-staff is a simple instrument for setting the right angle.

There are three types of the cross-staff

i. Open

ii. French

iii Adjustable

i. Open cross-staff:-

The open cross-staff is made of four metal arms with vertical slits. The two pairs of arms AB and CD are at the right angle to each other.  The vertical slits are used in ranging and sighting the object. The cross-staff is mounted on a wooden pole. In the ranging work, two arms are used in ranging along the chain line, and the other two arms are used in setting a right angle.

ii. French cross-staff:-

A French cross-staff is an octagonal form of the cross-staff. It consists of an octagonal brass tube with slits on all eight sides. It has an octangle brass tube with slits on all eight sides. It has an alternate vertical sight slit and an opposite vertical window with a vertical fine wire on each of the four sides. these are used for setting out right angles.

ii.Adjustable Cross Staff:-

It consists of a brass cylindrical tube about 8 cm in diameter and 10 cm deep and is and is divided in the center. The upper cylinder can be rotated relative to the lower one by a circular rack and pinion arrangement. It has a magnetic compass on the top for taking the bearing of a line.

B. OPTICAL SQUARE:- 

An optical square is an instrument and it is also used for setting a right angle. It consists of a metal box that has a diameter of 2.5cm and depth is 1.5cm. There are two glass is fitted in the optical square which makes a 45-degree angle to each other. one glass is called horizon glass which is half silver and half unsilvered and it is fixed bottom of a metal box. The other glass is called index glass and it is completely silvered. It also fixed in a metal box.

Principle:- Principle of the optical square is based on the principle of the reflecting light properties,  the first incident ray and the last reflected ray is twice the angle between mirrors. So the angle between the horizon sight and index sight will be 90 degrees.

PROCEDURE:-The observer kept the optical square in hand and stand on the chain line where the perpendicular to be setup.The observer sight the ranging rod at position B from the unsilvered portion of the horizon glass and then the observer looks through the upper portion of the horizon glass to see the image of the object O. 

C. THEODOLITE:-Theodolite is also used for setting the right angle. In this method, the theodolite is set up on that point where the right angle is required. Make a temporary adjustment and set both verniers zero. Sight the ranging rod on along the chain line. Make a fine target ranging with the help of a lower tangent screw.   Unclamp the upper vernier screw and rotate the theodolite in clockwise and clamp the upper vernier after reach 90 degrees. Make the final set with the help of the upper vernier screw tangent. The advantage of this method sets the right angle on both sides of the chain line of a single setting of the instrument.

D TOTAL STATION:- 

TOTAL STATION

The most accurate way to set out a right-angle is to use a total station. Position the instrument on the point along the survey line from which the right-angle is to be set out, target the endpoint of the survey line, set the horizontal circle to zero (see user manual), and turn the total station until the horizontal circle reading is90 °.

USE OF RIGHT ANGLE IN THE SURVEYING

I. Taking offset

II. Computation area and volume.

III.Griding of the map and ground

IV.Contouring, etc

HOW TO CREATE BEST MAP

 Upendra Kumar

A map is a type of illustration which shows the relationship between objects, region, and theme in the space. 

                                                   A map is the two type

 i. Small scale map:- When 1cm of the map represents a large distance is called a small scale map.

Example:- If the map shows scale.1cm =100mt then Scale= 1:10000 and it is small scale map.

ii. Large scale map:-  When 1cm of the map represents a small distance is called a large scale map.

1cm=1mt then the scale=1:100 and it is a large scale map.

Large Scale Map

Generally, a map that has RF is less than 1/500 is called a large-scale map. That map has RF more than 1/500 is called a small scale map.

MY FORWARD WORK: What is the principle and procedure of chain surve...

MY FORWARD WORK: What is the principle and procedure of chain surve...:           Upendra Kumar                                                                                   Principle of Chain Survey     WELL...

What is the principle and procedure of chain surveying

         Upendra Kumar

                               

                                                 Principle of Chain Survey    

WELL CONDITIONED TRIANGLE

The Principle of chain survey is TRIANGULATION. The triangles are the simple plane figure which can be easily drawn by his lengths. The angles are used in chain surveying is approximately nearly about 60 degrees or nearly equilateral triangles. In the chain surveying, the triangles used named as well-conditioned. The well-conditioned triangle consists of no angle smaller than 30º and no angle greater than 120º    

                                     

There are the following abbreviations used in chain surveying.

 

Survey stations:- Survey station is a point of importance at the beginning and end of a chain line. The survey stations are two types of Main station and subsidiary or tie station. It is expressed in a small circle with a number of numerical or alphabetical numbers. 

 

Survey line:- The line joining between survey stations is called Survey lines. It is in two types. The lines joining between main survey stations is called the main survey line or chain lines. Subsidiary or tie stations is the point on the main lines to locate the interior detail such as fences, hedges, building, etc.

It is expressed in AB, BC, or ab, bc, etc.

Baseline:- In surveying the longest of the chain line is used as a baseline. It is a build-up of the framework of the survey. It should be laid off on as level ground as possible through the centre and the length of the area. It should be correctly measured horizontally.

Check Line: -A check line is a line joining the apex of a triangle to some fixed points on any two sides of the triangle.

Tie Line:- Tie line used to tie some fixed point on the main survey lines. It is also used for dual purposes one is to check the accuracy of the survey framework and the other is to locate the interior details. 

Offsets:- To locate the surface features on the map. It is measured left or right on the survey line. There are two kinds of offsets. One is perpendicular offsets and the other is oblique offsets.

 

                                                         Selection of Station

1. Main stations should be intervisible

2. The main principle of surveying is to work whole to the part.

3. If possible, a long line should be run roughly through the centre and the whole length of the area.

4. All triangles should be well-conditioned.

5. Each triangle should be as few as practicable.

6. Tie lines used for filling details of the interior.

7. The survey lines should be so arranged as to avoid obstacle to ranging and chaining.

8. The survey lines should lie over as level ground as possible.

                              The Equipment Required For a Chain Survey

i. A Chain:-This is an accurate and common method of measuring distance in this method the distance are measured in the field by chain or tape. A metric chain divided into 100 links is made of galvanized mild steel wire 4 mm in diameter. The ends of each link are bent into loops and connected together by means of three oval rings. Which afford flexibility.

ii. A Metallic Tape:- When linen tape is reinforced on brass or copper wires is called metallic tape, it is available the length of 15mt,20mt, and 30mt. It is covered in a leather box.

iii. Ranging Rod:- Rods which is used for ranging for making a line is called ranging rod. It is available in wooden and metal made, its circular diameter is 25 mm and 2 MT height.

iv. An optical square:-Optical square is used for finding the foot of the perpendicular from a given point to a line and it is also used for setting out a right angle at a given point on a line.

v. A plumb Bob

vi. An offset rod

vii. A survey field book

viii. Pegs

ix. Chalk, Stout string, hammer,axe, nails,tar,etc

                               The Procedure of Chain Survey

Reconnaissance:- Before start, the chain survey field works the surveyor walk over the whole area which is to be surveyed and examine the ground for the arrangement of the framework. During the exam the surveyor to find the possibility for all areas covers the main survey lines, The triangle made well-conditioned, the shortest offset distance, intervisible all the stations. The baseline possible centre of the area. During the reconnaissance, the surveyor should prepare a neat hand sketch called a key plan. The plan showing boundaries, the principal features such as building, roads, nallas, etc. The positions of the stations and chain lines which should be lettered or numbered, and the directions in which the chain lines are to be measured by the arrowheads. The sketch is drawn in the field book.

                             Marking The Stations On The Ground

After complete, the reconnaissance and preparation of the key plan mark the station on the ground. On the ground-driven wooden pegs, pegs are normally 15 cm long, and width 2.5 cm square and pointed ends.pegs are driven on the ground and height 2.5 cm above the ground.

                                          Reference Sketch

A reference sketch is made of all stations, if the pegs are removed from their own position then use the reference sketch to find the stations.

                                                   Running Survey Lines

After complete priliminary work starts the chaining work. First, start the chaining of the baseline, and carried all the lines of the framework. A survey line consists of chaining the line and locating from it the nearby detail. For chaining the chain is stretched in true alignment and the arrow inserted in the ground, offsets are taken their position and booked in the field book. 

SEE ALSO: How to identify and measure the plot of land

Methods of Distance Measurement In Surveying

ON YOUTUBE:- Upendra Kumar

what is the fundamental line of the theodolite

 Transit Theodolite

                                            

1. The verticle axis.

2.The axis of the plate level. (The plate level)

3.The line of collimation.

4.The horizontal axis (Turnion axis)

5. The axis of the altitude level. (The bubble line of altitude level)

                                      

                                            Why Necessary Permanent Adjustment



The improper and excessive use of the theodolite, the relationship between fundamental lines may be disturbed. This incorrect relationship affects on lead reading.

                                             Condition of Adjustment



A. The axes of the plate levels must be perpendicular to the vertical axis.

B. The line of collimation must be at the right angles to the horizontal axis.

C. The horizontal axis must be perpendicular to the vertical axis.

D. The axis of the telescope level or the altitude level must be parallel to the line of collimation.

E. If the transit has a fixed vertical vernier, The vertical circle vernier must be zero when the telescope level is centered. When the line of collimation is horizontal.

F. If the transit is provided with a string level must be parallel to the horizontal axis.



                                           To make the diaphragm truly erect

procedure:-Leveled the instrument carefully. sight a distant well-defined point such as the top of the spire, and with both motions clamped, rotate the telescope in azimuth by means of one of the tangent screw. If the horizontal cross-hair remains in contact with the point, the adjustment is correct. Alternatively, move the telescope through a small verticle angle. If the point travels continuously on the verticle hair, the adjustment is correct. If not, loosen the diaphragm screws and rotate the diaphragm- ring. Repeat the test and adjustment until perfect. Then carefully tighten the screws.



The permanent adjustment of the theodolite consists of the following.

a. Adjustment of the plate levels.

b. Adjustment of the line of collimation.

c. Adjustment of the horizontal axis.

d. Adjustment of the level tube of the telescope.

e. Adjustment of the verticle index frame.

For making the adjustment, the instrument should be set up at a fairly level place where sights of about 100m can be taken in either direction in the same straight line.



Procedure:-


A. The axes of the plate levels must be perpendicular to the vertical axis.:-

Set the instrument on the firm ground and firmly fixed on the ground. Make leveling of plate level bubble by the use of a pair of foot screws. Turn the plate level at 90d about the verticle axis and make bubble central by the turn of third foot screw. Now the process is a repeat until the make the bubble center in these positions. Turn the plate level through 180d about verticle axis, if the bubble position is to remain central then the axis of the bubble is perpendicular to the vertical axis. If not the adjustment is required. Now note the no.of deviation of the bubble. Adjust half total no. of deviation by the use of capstan headed nut provided just below the bubble tube. The remaining half concerned foot screw. Repeat the process until making the bubble is central.



B. The line of collimation must be at the right angles to the horizontal axis.


To make the line of collimation coincide with the optical axis of the telescope. The first adjustment is in horizontal hair and the other is vertical hair.



HORIZONTAL HAIR ADJUSTMENT




Three pegs T, A, and B are driven in the ground. Set the instrument at A and make a temporary adjustment. Take the staff reading on A and B, Let staff reading on A is Aa and B is Bb1. Transiting the theodolite and take the staff reading A and B. Let the staff reading is on B is Bb2. If the second reading is matched with the first staff reading then horizontal hair is in adjustment, If not then the adjustment required in horizontal hair. Calculate the mean value of the two staff readings. Let the mean value is Bb. Turn the vertical diaphragm screw, The horizontal hair brought to the reading Bb.



ADJUSTMENT OF VERTICLE HAIR






Set the theodolite at T to make the temporary adjustment. The ranging fixed on A and looking by the use of the telescope, Clamped the lower and upper clamp. Fixed the ranging rod at B by using the transiting telescope. The upper clamp is loosed and by turning the vernier plate the ranging rod at A is again bisected. If the ranging rod at B is seen bisected after transiting the telescope then the vertical hair is perfect.if not BB1 is a total error. Shift the vertical hair by turning the horizontal diaphragm up to bisect the ranging rod at B1.



C. The horizontal axis must be perpendicular to the vertical axis







Set the theodolite at T from a distance pole P, To make the temporary adjustment. A is a point that marks on the pole P. The telescope bisect point A, clamp the upper and lower screw, then bisect the points B on the pole. Loosen the upper clamp turn the telescope through 180d. Then bisect point A telescope lowered and bisect the point B. If not another point B' is marked on a ranging rod at R. R is fixed at the same level of B.A point is C is marked midway between BB' The point C is bisected and the upper clamp is tightened. The telescope is raised then A is not bisect this time. Adjust the turning axis raised or lower until the bisecting point A.



D. The axis of the telescope level or the altitude level must be parallel to the line of collimation





When the level or verticle angles are taken then lines of collimation must be parallel to the axis of the telescope. Drive two pegs A and B on the ground about 100 mt apart. Set the instrument at O which is midway between two pegs. Clamp the verticle circle and bring the telescope bubble exactly to the center of its run by means of the tangent screw of the verticle circle. Take the reading the staff A and B. Find the true difference of level A and B.







Set the instrument at O1 which is 10 mt from the peg A. Make the temporary adjustment, and take the staff reading on A and B. Find the difference of level of A and B. If the true difference of level agrees with first setting then the adjustment is correct, If not calculate the true difference of and adjust the bubble by the help of capstan-headed screws attaching the level tube the telescope.

What Is Arc Gis And How Prepare A Gis Map

 Arc Gis is software. In this software, georeferenced spital data is used to solve the problem regarding planning, mapping, and management.

Nowadays it is used in all branches of science and technology and engineering. It is developed by Environmental Systems Research Institute (Esri).   

Arc Gis contains four types of applications.

1.Arc Map. 2. Arc Scene.   3. Arc Globe.    4.Arc Catalog.

1. Arc Map. Arc map is used generally to add data, analyze data, georeferencing data, editing data, creating a map, and another desktop converting purposes.

There are three steps to prepare a map.

A. Add data

B. Georeferencing

C.Digitalization

A. Add data:- After opening a desktop ArcMap click on the File menu drop down the pointer and kept on Add data. Many types of add data function show on the desktop. 

Then click on add data in form jpeg formate. If you have any scanned map you can add it. 

If you have any measurement data in the XY form of EXCEL formate you can also add it. For adding XY data go to Add Data then select on Add XY Data, after a click on Add XY Data an open an Add data dialogue box.

First, fill the browse file where the measurement data kept. After filling, the browse file then specifies the filed for XYZ coordinate data. After filing the XYZ form the go-to coordinate system of input co-ordinates. Click on the edit button and filled the in which co-ordinate system from your measurement data bassed. if your coordinate system on the local grid then need not edit the co-ordinate system table.

for more information about Add data see in this video

                                 

B. Georeferencing:- After Add, the data georeferencing is required. Right-click on the image and go to the data frame properties. A data frame properties dialogue box is open. Select the coordinate system and edit the coordinate system in which coordinate system of the image from the list. Then apply and O.K. 

>In the georeferencing toolbar go to the Add control points. In the above picture, we are seeing one verticle and one horizontal line crossed at a point. The horizontal line shows the latitude of that point. The verticle line shows the longitude of that point. After the left click on add control points, the pointer is changed in form of +sign. Left-click on crossing point and then right-click and input the longitude and latitude value of the upper left corner of the map. Go on all the crossing points with the same process. Georeferenced the map. In the last crossing point, you will see some difference between the georeferenced point and the actual point this the error of georeferencing. To view the link table in the georeferencing toolbar and save the error of georeferencing. Expand the georeferencing toolbar and then click on rectify. Save your image where you want, and then click on update georeferencing.

                                  

C.Digitalization:-After the georefrence of image digitalization is require. Go to catlog and create a new folder . Right click on the new folder and go to new and then shape file. left click on the shape file a create new shape file dialogue box open. 

                                               

Fill up the requirement in dialogue box, then stat the editing.click on create feature and then in construction tool. after complete editing stop the editing and save .

For add attribute table see this video.