- Upendra Kumar
Co-ordinates act the fundamental role in the mine measurement and surveying. For the co-ordinates
calculation, two measurements are needed (a) horizontal bearings (b) horizontal distance. In ancient
times vernier theodolite used for angle measurement but in nowadays, digital theodolite and Total
station used for angles measurements. For horizontal measurements to utilized chain or tape and
Total station. First, we understand the quadrant system.
Image of quadrant system,
In the above figure shown quadrant are four types (I, II, III, IV and two lines NS, EW are drawn. NS
lines are called meridian lines. If the known length and bearing of a line. it's projections, on the line
parallel to the meridian and on the perpendicular to it may be obtained. The projection P1 Q1 is
called Latitude of the line OP1 similarly R1 P1 is called Departure of the line O P1.
Latitude - length*cosine reduced bearing
Departure- length* sine reduced bearing
Latitude is positive when measured North or upward, Latitude is negative when measured South or
downward. Departure is positive when measured east, Departure is negative when measured West.
The bearing of a line is given as a whole circle bearing the following table may be referred to
determine the signs of latitude and departure
W.C.B Between. Quadrant. Latitude. Departure.
90•and 180• II S.E - +
180•and 270• III S.W - -
270•and 360• IV N.W + -
The latitude and departure of any point with reference to the recording point are called consecutive
coordinates. The coordinate of any point reference to common origin are called independent or Total
coordinates.
The following trigonometric relations of the course of a line with its latitude and departure should be
used in computing the unknown quantities.
1. Latitude =Length×cosine reduced bearing.
Departure= Length×sine reduced bearing.
2. Tangent reduced bearing = departure/Latitude
3. (a) Length= √(Latitude)2+(Departure)2
4.Length= latitude× sec reduced bearing
5. Length= departure × cosec reduced bearing
SEE ALSHO:-
