Upendra Kumar
Definition.
Definition.
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| the spheroidal surface of the earth |
1. Level Surface:- A level surface is any surface parallel to the mean spherical surface of the earth. Every point of level surface Is equidistant from the center of the earth. It is normal to the plumb line at all points.
2. A level line is a line in a surface. It is normal to the plumb line at all points.
3. A horizontal line is any line lying in the horizontal plane. It is a straight line tangential to a level line.
4. A vertical line at any point is a line normal to the level surface.
example. Plumb line.
3. A horizontal line is any line lying in the horizontal plane. It is a straight line tangential to a level line.
4. A vertical line at any point is a line normal to the level surface.
example. Plumb line.
Datum surface
5. A datum line is any arbitrarily assumed level line from which vertical distances are measured.
6. The elevation of a point is its vertical distance above or below the datum.
7. The difference in elevation between two points is the vertical distance between the level surfaces passing through the two points.
8. Benchmarks are fixed reference points. Which has known reduced level from reference to the datum line
Benchmarks are generally four types.
A. GTS Benchmark:- Great Trigonometry Survey Benchmark is covered the whole of the country at large intervals.
It is done by the main survey department of the country. In India, it is done by a survey of India department.
This benchmark is determined by the use of vertical angle and horizontal distance with considering combined correction due to curvature and ref erection. The article angles are measured with theodolite and horizontal distance is measured or computed from the triangulation method. The GTS
The Benchmark base in Karachi.
B. Permanent Benchmark:- The RL of the permanent bench is determined by reference to the GTS benchmark and determined by government departments .ex PWD, Railway, etc. It is kept on a permanent structure. This leveling work is completed by fly leveling.
6. The elevation of a point is its vertical distance above or below the datum.
7. The difference in elevation between two points is the vertical distance between the level surfaces passing through the two points.
8. Benchmarks are fixed reference points. Which has known reduced level from reference to the datum line
Benchmarks are generally four types.
 |
| GTS BENCHMARK |
A. GTS Benchmark:- Great Trigonometry Survey Benchmark is covered the whole of the country at large intervals.
It is done by the main survey department of the country. In India, it is done by a survey of India department.
This benchmark is determined by the use of vertical angle and horizontal distance with considering combined correction due to curvature and ref erection. The article angles are measured with theodolite and horizontal distance is measured or computed from the triangulation method. The GTS
The Benchmark base in Karachi.
 |
| permanent benchmark |
B. Permanent Benchmark:- The RL of the permanent bench is determined by reference to the GTS benchmark and determined by government departments .ex PWD, Railway, etc. It is kept on a permanent structure. This leveling work is completed by fly leveling.
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| Auto level. |
C. Temporary Benchmark:- these benchmarks are established at the end of work for the next day to start work.
these are kept on the nondisturbing object.
D. Arbitrary benchmark:- this benchmark is established for assumed R.L. This is used in small leveling work.
See also:https://www.technoupendra.com/
https://www.technoupendra.com/2019/10/what-is-contour-and-their-use.html
https://www.technoupendra.com/2019/10/cross-section.html
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